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Many STP extensions were suggested to accommodate flexible space–time anchor points, uncertain travel speeds, acceleration limits, and unequal prism interiors, analogous to attaching prefixes to STPs, such as rough, reliable, kinetic, and probabilistic (e.g. It is noteworthy that STP is also re-labeled as network-time prism (NTP) if it is constructed over transport networks.
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Regarding the temporal dimension, early efforts have been devoted to incorporating varied link travel speeds and location time windows in real transport networks (e.g. While it is not straightforward to define the prism shape analytically for most extensions, the examination of access to a location in time is essential for STP modeling and applications. As these input parameters only hold in an ideal situation, considerable attention has been paid to relaxing the conditions of the original STP model. The projection of the STP to the two-dimensional plane determines the potential path area (PPA) that contains the set of feasible spatial opportunities. An STP figuratively defines the envelope of all possible space–time paths. In a seminal STP model (Lenntorp 1976), the outer bounds of a prism are determined by the maximum attainable travel speed, time budget, physical distance between the anchors, and the minimum duration of a flexible activity that can be conducted at one of multiple locations. Thus, STP and its extensions have large implications for spatial and transport planning initiatives respecting person heterogeneity. The STP offers a perspective of person-based accessibility different from place-based accessibility measures focusing on a macro level (Neutens et al. STP models are widely applied to measure accessibility, the ability for individuals to travel and participate in activities (Miller 2017).
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It is propositioned that the actual activity-travel behavioral patterns occur in different forms within action spaces delineated by spatiotemporal conditions. In the context of human travel and activity participation, an STP delineates the subset of spatial opportunities at moments in time available to an individual. As a central time geographic concept, space–time prism (STP) delimits the space–time opportunities that can be reached by a moving object given the anchor points or known spatiotemporal locations (Hägerstrand 1970, Miller 1991). It has been recognized that humans are subject to space–time constraints to engage in activities, which involves allocating limited available time to access activities sparsely distributed in space.